Phalloidin Conjugates

This deep red fluorescent phalloidin conjugate (equivalent to Alexa Fluor® 647-labeled phalloidin) selectively binds to F-actins. Used at nanomolar concentrations, phalloidin derivatives are convenient probes for labeling, identifying and quantitating F-actins in formaldehyde-fixed and permeabilized tissue sections, cell cultures or cell-free experiments. Phalloidin binds to actin filaments much more tightly than to actin monomers, leading to a decrease in the rate constant for the dissociation of actin subunits from filament ends, essentially stabilizing actin filaments through the prevention of filament depolymerization. Moreover, phalloidin is found to inhibit the ATP hydrolysis activity of F-actin. Phalloidin functions differently at various concentrations in cells. When introduced into the cytoplasm at low concentrations, phalloidin recruits the less polymerized forms of cytoplasmic actin as well as filamin into stable "islands" of aggregated actin polymers, yet it does not interfere with stress fibers, i.e. thick bundles of microfilaments. The property of phalloidin is a useful tool for investigating the distribution of F-actin in cells by labeling phalloidin with fluorescent analogs and using them to stain actin filaments for light microscopy. Fluorescent derivatives of phalloidin have turned out to be enormously useful in localizing actin filaments in living or fixed cells as well as for visualizing individual actin filaments in vitro. Fluorescent phalloidin derivatives have been used as an important tool in the study of actin networks at high resolution. AAT Bioquest offers a variety of fluorescent phalloidin derivatives with different colors for multicolor imaging applications.

Example protocol

AT A GLANCE

Protocol Summary

Prepare samples in microplate wells
Remove liquid from samples in the plate
Add Phalloidin-iFluor™ 647 Conjugate solution (100 μL/well)
Stain the cells at room temperature for 20 to 90 minutes
Wash the cells
Examine the specimen under microscope with Cy5 filter

Important Warm the vial to room temperature and centrifuge briefly before opening.

Storage and Handling Conditions

The solution should be stable for at least 6 months if store at -20 °C. Protect the fluorescent conjugates from light, and avoid freeze/thaw cycles.
Note Phalloidin is toxic, although the amount of toxin present in a vial could be lethal only to a mosquito (LD50 of phalloidin = 2 mg/kg), it should be handled with care.

PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTIONS

Unless otherwise noted, all unused stock solutions should be divided into single-use aliquots and stored at -20 °C after preparation. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Phalloidin-iFluor™ 647 Conjugate stock solution

Add 30 µL of DMSO into the powder and mix well.

PREPARATION OF WORKING SOLUTION

Phalloidin-iFluor™ 647 Conjugate working solution

Add 1 µL of Phalloidin-iFluor™ 647 Conjugate solution to 1 mL of PBS with 1% BSA.
Note The stock solution of phalloidin conjugate should be aliquoted and stored at -20 °C. protected from light.
Note Different cell types might be stained differently. The concentration of phalloidin conjugate working solution should be prepared accordingly.

SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL

Stain the cells

Perform formaldehyde fixation. Incubate cells with 3.0–4.0 % formaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 10–30 minutes.
Note Avoid any methanol containing fixatives since methanol can disrupt actin during the fixation process. The preferred fixative is methanol-free formaldehyde.
Rinse the fixed cells 2–3 times in PBS.
Optional: Add 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS into fixed cells for 3 to 5 minutes to increase permeability. Rinse the cells 2–3 times in PBS.
Add 100 μL/well (96-well plate) of Phalloidin-iFluor™ 647 Conjugate working solution into the fixed cells, and stain the cells at room temperature for 20 to 90 minutes.
Rinse cells gently with PBS 2 to 3 times to remove excess phalloidin conjugate before plating, sealing and imaging under microscope with Cy5 filter set.

Spectrum

Open in Advanced Spectrum Viewer

Product family

Name	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Extinction coefficient (cm ^-1 M ^-1)	Quantum yield	Correction Factor (260 nm)	Correction Factor (280 nm)
Phalloidin-iFluor® 350 Conjugate	345	450	20000¹	0.95¹	0.83	0.23
Phalloidin-iFluor® 405 Conjugate	403	427	37000¹	0.91¹	0.48	0.77
Phalloidin-iFluor® 488 Conjugate	491	516	75000¹	0.9¹	0.21	0.11
Phalloidin-iFluor® 514 Conjugate	511	527	75000¹	0.83¹	0.265	0.116
Phalloidin-iFluor® 532 Conjugate	537	560	90000¹	0.68¹	0.26	0.16
Phalloidin-iFluor® 555 Conjugate	557	570	100000¹	0.64¹	0.23	0.14
Phalloidin-iFluor® 594 Conjugate	587	603	200000¹	0.53¹	0.05	0.04
Phalloidin-iFluor® 633 Conjugate	640	654	250000¹	0.29¹	0.062	0.044
Phalloidin-iFluor® 680 Conjugate	684	701	220000¹	0.23¹	0.097	0.094
Phalloidin-iFluor® 700 Conjugate	690	713	220000¹	0.23¹	0.09	0.04
Phalloidin-iFluor® 750 Conjugate	757	779	275000¹	0.12¹	0.044	0.039
Phalloidin-iFluor® 790 Conjugate	787	812	250000¹	0.13¹	0.1	0.09
iFluor® 647-streptavidin conjugate	656	670	250000¹	0.25¹	0.03	0.03
Cholyl-iFluor® 647 conjugate	656	670	250000¹	0.25¹	0.03	0.03
Show More (5)

Citations

View all 138 citations: Citation Explorer

Shrinkable Hydrogels through Host--Guest Interactions: A Robust Approach to Obtain Tubular Cell-Laden Scaffolds with Small Diameters
Authors: Iudin, Dmitrii and van Steenbergen, Mies J and Masereeuw, Rosalinde and van Ravensteijn, Bas GP and Vermonden, Tina
Journal: Advanced Functional Materials (2024): 2416522

Fe3O4 nanoparticles containing gambogic acid inhibit metastasis in colorectal cancer via the RORB/EMILIN1 axis
Authors: Fan, Xiaodong and Lv, Chunyang and Xue, Meiling and Meng, Peng and Qian, Xiaoping
Journal: Cell Adhesion \& Migration (2024): 38--53

Colorectal carcinoma progression is not influenced by the pseudokinase PEAK1
Authors: Zuidema, Alba and Atherton, Paul and van der Poel, Sabine and Kreft, Maaike and Song, Ji-Ying and Bierbooms, Martine and Verhoeven, Sophie and Papagianni, Chrysoula and Kroese, Lona and Ali, Rahmen Bin and others,
Journal: Scientific Reports (2024): 27663

Carbon quantum dots in breast cancer modulate cellular migration via cytoskeletal and nuclear structure
Authors: Dinger, Nikita and Russo, Carmela and Fusco, Sabato and Netti, Paolo A and Sirignano, Mariano and Panzetta, Valeria
Journal: Nanotoxicology (2024): 1--27

Mechanical Stimulation and Aligned Poly ($\varepsilon$-caprolactone)--Gelatin Electrospun Scaffolds Promote Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Authors: Calero-Castro, Francisco Jos{\'e} and Perez-Puyana, V{\'\i}ctor Manuel and Laga, Im{\'a}n and Padillo Ruiz, Javier and Romero, Alberto and de la Portilla de Juan, Fernando
Journal: ACS Applied Bio Materials (2024)

References

View all 127 references: Citation Explorer

Improved penile histology by phalloidin stain: circular and longitudinal cavernous smooth muscles, dual-endothelium arteries, and erectile dysfunction-associated changes
Authors: Lin G, Qiu X, F and el TM, Albersen M, Wang Z, Lue TF, Lin CS.
Journal: Urology (2011): 970 e1

Phalloidin perturbs the interaction of human non-muscle myosin isoforms 2A and 2C1 with F-actin
Authors: Diensthuber RP, Muller M, Heissler SM, Taft MH, Chizhov I, Manstein DJ.
Journal: FEBS Lett (2011): 767

pH-(low)-insertion-peptide (pHLIP) translocation of membrane impermeable phalloidin toxin inhibits cancer cell proliferation
Authors: An M, Wijesinghe D, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK, Engelman DM.
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010): 20246

Labeling cytoskeletal F-actin with rhodamine phalloidin or fluorescein phalloidin for imaging
Authors: Chazotte B., undefined
Journal: Cold Spring Harb Protoc (2010): pdb prot4947

Anti-acetylated tubulin antibody staining and phalloidin staining in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis
Authors: Genikhovich G, Technau U.
Journal: Cold Spring Harb Protoc (2009): pdb prot5283

Page updated on October 9, 2024

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Catalog Number	231002310123102231032311023111231152311623117231192312223125231272312823129231302313123140231502315323158231595301
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Physical properties

Molecular weight	1408.65
Solvent	DMSO

Spectral properties

Correction Factor (260 nm)	0.03
Correction Factor (280 nm)	0.03
Correction Factor (656 nm)	0.0793
Extinction coefficient (cm ^-1 M ^-1)	250000¹
Excitation (nm)	656
Emission (nm)	670
Quantum yield	0.25¹

Storage, safety and handling

Certificate of Origin	Download PDF
H-phrase	H301, H311, H331
Hazard symbol	T
Intended use	Research Use Only (RUO)
R-phrase	R23, R24, R25
Storage	Freeze (< -15 °C); Minimize light exposure
UNSPSC	12352200