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Phalloidin Conjugates
This orange fluorescent phalloidin conjugate (equivalent to Alexa Fluor® 555-labeled phalloidin) selectively binds to F-actins. Used at nanomolar concentrations, phalloidin derivatives are convenient probes for labeling, identifying and quantitating F-actins in formaldehyde-fixed and permeabilized tissue sections, cell cultures or cell-free experiments. Phalloidin binds to actin filaments much more tightly than to actin monomers, leading to a decrease in the rate constant for the dissociation of actin subunits from filament ends, essentially stabilizing actin filaments through the prevention of filament depolymerization. Moreover, phalloidin is found to inhibit the ATP hydrolysis activity of F-actin. Phalloidin functions differently at various concentrations in cells. When introduced into the cytoplasm at low concentrations, phalloidin recruits the less polymerized forms of cytoplasmic actin as well as filamin into stable "islands" of aggregated actin polymers, yet it does not interfere with stress fibers, i.e. thick bundles of microfilaments. The property of phalloidin is a useful tool for investigating the distribution of F-actin in cells by labeling phalloidin with fluorescent analogs and using them to stain actin filaments for light microscopy. Fluorescent derivatives of phalloidin have turned out to be enormously useful in localizing actin filaments in living or fixed cells as well as for visualizing individual actin filaments in vitro. Fluorescent phalloidin derivatives have been used as an important tool in the study of actin networks at high resolution. AAT Bioquest offers a variety of fluorescent phalloidin derivatives with different colors for multicolor imaging applications.
Example protocol
AT A GLANCE
Protocol Summary
- Prepare samples in microplate wells
- Remove liquid from samples in the plate
- Add Phalloidin-iFluor™ 555 Conjugate solution (100 μL/well)
- Stain the cells at room temperature for 20 to 90 minutes
- Wash the cells
- Examine the specimen under microscope with TRITC filter
Storage and Handling Conditions
The solution should be stable for at least 6 months if store at -20 °C. Protect the fluorescent conjugates from light, and avoid freeze/thaw cycles.Note Phalloidin is toxic, although the amount of toxin present in a vial could be lethal only to a mosquito (LD50 of phalloidin = 2 mg/kg), it should be handled with care.
PREPARATION OF WORKING SOLUTION
Phalloidin-iFluor™ 555 Conjugate working solution
Add 1 µL of Phalloidin-iFluor™ 555 Conjugate solution to 1 mL of PBS with 1% BSA.Note The stock solution of phalloidin conjugate should be aliquoted and stored at -20 °C. protected from light.
Note Different cell types might be stained differently. The concentration of phalloidin conjugate working solution should be prepared accordingly.
SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
Stain the cells
- Perform formaldehyde fixation. Incubate cells with 3.0–4.0 % formaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 10–30 minutes.
Note Avoid any methanol containing fixatives since methanol can disrupt actin during the fixation process. The preferred fixative is methanol-free formaldehyde. - Rinse the fixed cells 2–3 times in PBS.
- Optional: Add 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS into fixed cells for 3 to 5 minutes to increase permeability. Rinse the cells 2–3 times in PBS.
- Add 100 μL/well (96-well plate) of Phalloidin-iFluor™ 555 Conjugate working solution into the fixed cells, and stain the cells at room temperature for 20 to 90 minutes.
- Rinse cells gently with PBS 2 to 3 times to remove excess phalloidin conjugate before plating, sealing and imaging under microscope with TRITC filter set.
Spectrum
Product family
| Name | Excitation (nm) | Emission (nm) | Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1) | Quantum yield | Correction Factor (260 nm) | Correction Factor (280 nm) |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 350 Conjugate | 345 | 450 | 200001 | 0.951 | 0.83 | 0.23 |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 405 Conjugate | 403 | 427 | 370001 | 0.911 | 0.48 | 0.77 |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 488 Conjugate | 491 | 516 | 750001 | 0.91 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 514 Conjugate | 511 | 527 | 750001 | 0.831 | 0.265 | 0.116 |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 532 Conjugate | 537 | 560 | 900001 | 0.681 | 0.26 | 0.16 |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 594 Conjugate | 587 | 603 | 2000001 | 0.531 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 633 Conjugate | 640 | 654 | 2500001 | 0.291 | 0.062 | 0.044 |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 647 Conjugate | 656 | 670 | 2500001 | 0.251 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Phalloidin-iFluor® 680 Conjugate | 684 | 701 | 2200001 | 0.231 | 0.097 | 0.094 |
Show More (4) | ||||||
Citations
View all 122 citations: Citation Explorer
LSD1 deficiency in breast cancer cells promotes the formation of pre-metastatic niches
Authors: Yao, Yutong and Qian, Rui and Gao, Hanwei and Dai, Yonghao and Shi, Yueru and An, Peipei and Xin, Benkai and Liu, Ziyu and Zhang, Nan and Wan, Youzhong and others,
Journal: npj Precision Oncology (2024): 260
Authors: Yao, Yutong and Qian, Rui and Gao, Hanwei and Dai, Yonghao and Shi, Yueru and An, Peipei and Xin, Benkai and Liu, Ziyu and Zhang, Nan and Wan, Youzhong and others,
Journal: npj Precision Oncology (2024): 260
ROS-Responsive and Self-Catalytic Nanocarriers for a Combination of Chemotherapy and Reinforced Ferroptosis against Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhang, Beibei and Liu, Hao and Wang, Yifei and Zhang, Yong
Journal: ACS Biomaterials Science \& Engineering (2024)
Authors: Zhang, Beibei and Liu, Hao and Wang, Yifei and Zhang, Yong
Journal: ACS Biomaterials Science \& Engineering (2024)
LSD1 inhibits the invasion and migration of breast cancer through exosomes
Authors: Zhang, Nan and Chen, Zhongyu and Xin, Benkai and Shi, Yueru and Yao, Yutong and Yang, Jingtong and Wang, Xiaoyu and Hu, Xin
Journal: Scientific Reports (2024): 20817
Authors: Zhang, Nan and Chen, Zhongyu and Xin, Benkai and Shi, Yueru and Yao, Yutong and Yang, Jingtong and Wang, Xiaoyu and Hu, Xin
Journal: Scientific Reports (2024): 20817
Meis1 Targets Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor J in Fibroblast to Retard Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
Authors: Bai, Mi and Xu, Shuang and Jiang, Mingzhu and Guo, Yuxian and Hu, Dandan and He, Jia and Wang, Ting and Zhang, Yu and Guo, Yan and Zhang, Yue and others,
Journal: Advanced Science (2024): 2309754
Authors: Bai, Mi and Xu, Shuang and Jiang, Mingzhu and Guo, Yuxian and Hu, Dandan and He, Jia and Wang, Ting and Zhang, Yu and Guo, Yan and Zhang, Yue and others,
Journal: Advanced Science (2024): 2309754
Patterning in stratified epithelia depends on cell--cell adhesion
Authors: Mai, Yosuke and Kobayashi, Yasuaki and Kitahata, Hiroyuki and Seo, Takashi and Nohara, Takuma and Itamoto, Sota and Mai, Shoko and Kumamoto, Junichi and Nagayama, Masaharu and Nishie, Wataru and others,
Journal: Life Science Alliance (2024)
Authors: Mai, Yosuke and Kobayashi, Yasuaki and Kitahata, Hiroyuki and Seo, Takashi and Nohara, Takuma and Itamoto, Sota and Mai, Shoko and Kumamoto, Junichi and Nagayama, Masaharu and Nishie, Wataru and others,
Journal: Life Science Alliance (2024)
References
View all 127 references: Citation Explorer
Phalloidin perturbs the interaction of human non-muscle myosin isoforms 2A and 2C1 with F-actin
Authors: Diensthuber RP, Muller M, Heissler SM, Taft MH, Chizhov I, Manstein DJ.
Journal: FEBS Lett (2011): 767
Authors: Diensthuber RP, Muller M, Heissler SM, Taft MH, Chizhov I, Manstein DJ.
Journal: FEBS Lett (2011): 767
Improved penile histology by phalloidin stain: circular and longitudinal cavernous smooth muscles, dual-endothelium arteries, and erectile dysfunction-associated changes
Authors: Lin G, Qiu X, F and el TM, Albersen M, Wang Z, Lue TF, Lin CS.
Journal: Urology (2011): 970 e1
Authors: Lin G, Qiu X, F and el TM, Albersen M, Wang Z, Lue TF, Lin CS.
Journal: Urology (2011): 970 e1
pH-(low)-insertion-peptide (pHLIP) translocation of membrane impermeable phalloidin toxin inhibits cancer cell proliferation
Authors: An M, Wijesinghe D, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK, Engelman DM.
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010): 20246
Authors: An M, Wijesinghe D, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK, Engelman DM.
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010): 20246
Labeling cytoskeletal F-actin with rhodamine phalloidin or fluorescein phalloidin for imaging
Authors: Chazotte B., undefined
Journal: Cold Spring Harb Protoc (2010): pdb prot4947
Authors: Chazotte B., undefined
Journal: Cold Spring Harb Protoc (2010): pdb prot4947
Protective effect of bile acid derivatives in phalloidin-induced rat liver toxicity
Authors: Herraez E, Macias RI, Vazquez-Tato J, Hierro C, Monte MJ, Marin JJ.
Journal: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2009): 21
Authors: Herraez E, Macias RI, Vazquez-Tato J, Hierro C, Monte MJ, Marin JJ.
Journal: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2009): 21
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