iFluor® 790 maleimide
In vivo fluorescence imaging uses a sensitive camera to detect the fluorescence emission from fluorophores in whole-body living small animals. To overcome the photon attenuation in living tissue, fluorophores with long emission at the near-infrared (NIR) region are generally preferred, including widely used small indocarbocyanine dyes. Recent advances in imaging strategies and reporter techniques for in vivo fluorescence imaging include novel approaches to improve the specificity and affinity of the probes and to modulate and amplify the signal at target sites for enhanced sensitivity. Further emerging developments aim to achieve high-resolution, multimodality, and lifetime-based in vivo fluorescence imaging. Our iFluor® 790 is designed to label proteins and other biomolecules with near-infrared fluorescence. Conjugates prepared with iFluor® 790 have excitation and emission spectra similar to that of indocyanine green (ICG) and the IRDye® 800, with 787/812 nm excitation/emission maxima. iFluor® 790 dye emission is well separated from commonly used far-red fluorophores such as Cy5, Cy7, or allophycocyanin (APC), facilitating multicolor analysis. This fluorophore is also useful for small animal in-vivo imaging applications or other imaging applications requiring NIR detections, such as the two-color western applications with the LI-COR® Odyssey® infrared imaging system.
Example protocol
PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTIONS
Unless otherwise noted, all unused stock solutions should be divided into single-use aliquots and stored at -20 °C after preparation. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Note Prepare the dye stock solution (Solution B) before starting the conjugation. Use promptly. Extended storage of the dye stock solution may reduce the dye activity. Solution B can be stored in freezer for upto 4 weeks when kept from light and moisture. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Note The pH of the protein solution (Solution A) should be 6.5 ± 0.5.
Note Impure antibodies or antibodies stabilized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or other proteins will not be labeled well.
Note The conjugation efficiency is significantly reduced if the protein concentration is less than 2 mg/mL. For optimal labeling efficiency the final protein concentration range of 2-10 mg/mL is recommended.
Optional: if your protein does not contain a free cysteine, you must treat your protein with DTT or TCEP to generate a thiol group. DTT or TCEP are used for converting a disulfide bond to two free thiol groups. If DTT is used you must remove free DTT by dialysis or gel filtration before conjugating a dye maleimide to your protein. Following is a sample protocol for generating a free thiol group:
1. iFluor™ 790 maleimide stock solution (Solution B)
Add anhydrous DMSO into the vial of iFluor™ 790 maleimide to make a 10 mM stock solution. Mix well by pipetting or vortex.Note Prepare the dye stock solution (Solution B) before starting the conjugation. Use promptly. Extended storage of the dye stock solution may reduce the dye activity. Solution B can be stored in freezer for upto 4 weeks when kept from light and moisture. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
2. Protein stock solution (Solution A)
Mix 100 µL of a reaction buffer (e.g., 100 mM MES buffer with pH ~6.0) with 900 µL of the target protein solution (e.g. antibody, protein concentration >2 mg/mL if possible) to give 1 mL protein labeling stock solution.Note The pH of the protein solution (Solution A) should be 6.5 ± 0.5.
Note Impure antibodies or antibodies stabilized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or other proteins will not be labeled well.
Note The conjugation efficiency is significantly reduced if the protein concentration is less than 2 mg/mL. For optimal labeling efficiency the final protein concentration range of 2-10 mg/mL is recommended.
Optional: if your protein does not contain a free cysteine, you must treat your protein with DTT or TCEP to generate a thiol group. DTT or TCEP are used for converting a disulfide bond to two free thiol groups. If DTT is used you must remove free DTT by dialysis or gel filtration before conjugating a dye maleimide to your protein. Following is a sample protocol for generating a free thiol group:
- Prepare a fresh solution of 1 M DTT (15.4 mg/100 µL) in distilled water.
- Make IgG solution in 20 mM DTT: add 20 µL of DTT stock per ml of IgG solution while mixing. Let stand at room temp for 30 minutes without additional mixing (to minimize reoxidation of cysteines to cystines).
- Pass the reduced IgG over a filtration column pre-equilibrated with "Exchange Buffer". Collect 0.25 mL fractions off the column.
- Determine the protein concentrations and pool the fractions with the majority of the IgG. This can be done either spectrophotometrically or colorimetrically.
- Carry out the conjugation as soon as possible after this step (see Sample Experiment Protocol).
Note IgG solutions should be >4 mg/mL for the best results. The antibody should be concentrated if less than 2 mg/mL. Include an extra 10% for losses on the buffer exchange column.
Note The reduction can be carried out in almost any buffers from pH 7-7.5, e.g., MES, phosphate or TRIS buffers.
Note Steps 3 and 4 can be replaced by dialysis.
SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
This labeling protocol was developed for the conjugate of Goat anti-mouse IgG with iFluor™ 790 maleimide. You might need further optimization for your particular proteins.
Note Each protein requires distinct dye/protein ratio, which also depends on the properties of dyes. Over labeling of a protein could detrimentally affects its binding affinity while the protein conjugates of low dye/protein ratio gives reduced sensitivity.
Note Each protein requires distinct dye/protein ratio, which also depends on the properties of dyes. Over labeling of a protein could detrimentally affects its binding affinity while the protein conjugates of low dye/protein ratio gives reduced sensitivity.
Run conjugation reaction
- Use 10:1 molar ratio of Solution B (dye)/Solution A (protein) as the starting point: Add 5 µL of the dye stock solution (Solution B, assuming the dye stock solution is 10 mM) into the vial of the protein solution (95 µL of Solution A) with effective shaking. The concentration of the protein is ~0.05 mM assuming the protein concentration is 10 mg/mL and the molecular weight of the protein is ~200KD.
Note We recommend to use 10:1 molar ratio of Solution B (dye)/Solution A (protein). If it is too less or too high, determine the optimal dye/protein ratio at 5:1, 15:1 and 20:1 respectively. - Continue to rotate or shake the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30-60 minutes.
Purify the conjugation
The following protocol is an example of dye-protein conjugate purification by using a Sephadex G-25 column.- Prepare Sephadex G-25 column according to the manufacture instruction.
- Load the reaction mixture (From "Run conjugation reaction") to the top of the Sephadex G-25 column.
- Add PBS (pH 7.2-7.4) as soon as the sample runs just below the top resin surface.
- Add more PBS (pH 7.2-7.4) to the desired sample to complete the column purification. Combine the fractions that contain the desired dye-protein conjugate.
Note For immediate use, the dye-protein conjugate need be diluted with staining buffer, and aliquoted for multiple uses.
Note For longer term storage, dye-protein conjugate solution need be concentrated or freeze dried.
Calculators
Common stock solution preparation
Table 1. Volume of DMSO needed to reconstitute specific mass of iFluor® 790 maleimide to given concentration. Note that volume is only for preparing stock solution. Refer to sample experimental protocol for appropriate experimental/physiological buffers.
0.1 mg | 0.5 mg | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 69.451 µL | 347.256 µL | 694.512 µL | 3.473 mL | 6.945 mL |
5 mM | 13.89 µL | 69.451 µL | 138.902 µL | 694.512 µL | 1.389 mL |
10 mM | 6.945 µL | 34.726 µL | 69.451 µL | 347.256 µL | 694.512 µL |
Molarity calculator
Enter any two values (mass, volume, concentration) to calculate the third.
Mass (Calculate) | Molecular weight | Volume (Calculate) | Concentration (Calculate) | Moles | ||||
/ | = | x | = |
Spectrum
Open in Advanced Spectrum Viewer
Product family
Name | Excitation (nm) | Emission (nm) | Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1) | Quantum yield | Correction Factor (260 nm) | Correction Factor (280 nm) |
iFluor® 350 maleimide | 345 | 450 | 200001 | 0.951 | 0.83 | 0.23 |
iFluor® 488 maleimide | 491 | 516 | 750001 | 0.91 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
iFluor® 555 maleimide | 557 | 570 | 1000001 | 0.641 | 0.23 | 0.14 |
iFluor® 647 maleimide | 656 | 670 | 2500001 | 0.251 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
iFluor® 680 maleimide | 684 | 701 | 2200001 | 0.231 | 0.097 | 0.094 |
iFluor® 700 maleimide | 690 | 713 | 2200001 | 0.231 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
iFluor® 750 maleimide | 757 | 779 | 2750001 | 0.121 | 0.044 | 0.039 |
iFluor® 800 maleimide | 801 | 820 | 2500001 | 0.111 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
iFluor® 810 maleimide | 811 | 822 | 2500001 | 0.051 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
Show More (22) |
Citations
View all 1 citations: Citation Explorer
Nanovesicle delivery to the liver via retinol binding protein and platelet-derived growth factor receptors: how targeting ligands affect biodistribution
Authors: Hsu, Ching-Yun and Chen, Chun-Han and Aljuffali, Ibrahim A and Dai, You-Shan and Fang, Jia-You
Journal: Nanomedicine (2017)
Authors: Hsu, Ching-Yun and Chen, Chun-Han and Aljuffali, Ibrahim A and Dai, You-Shan and Fang, Jia-You
Journal: Nanomedicine (2017)
References
View all 18 references: Citation Explorer
A target cell-specific activatable fluorescence probe for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer based on a self-quenched avidin-rhodamine conjugate
Authors: Hama Y, Urano Y, Koyama Y, Kamiya M, Bernardo M, Paik RS, Shin IS, Paik CH, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H.
Journal: Cancer Res (2007): 2791
Authors: Hama Y, Urano Y, Koyama Y, Kamiya M, Bernardo M, Paik RS, Shin IS, Paik CH, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H.
Journal: Cancer Res (2007): 2791
Fluorescence imaging in vivo: recent advances
Authors: Rao J, Dragulescu-Andrasi A, Yao H.
Journal: Curr Opin Biotechnol (2007): 17
Authors: Rao J, Dragulescu-Andrasi A, Yao H.
Journal: Curr Opin Biotechnol (2007): 17
Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of normal and malignant urothelial cells to enhance early diagnosis
Authors: Steenkeste K, Lecart S, Deniset A, Pernot P, Eschwege P, Ferlicot S, Leveque-Fort S, Bri and et R, Fontaine-Aupart MP.
Journal: Photochem Photobiol (2007): 1157
Authors: Steenkeste K, Lecart S, Deniset A, Pernot P, Eschwege P, Ferlicot S, Leveque-Fort S, Bri and et R, Fontaine-Aupart MP.
Journal: Photochem Photobiol (2007): 1157
In vivo monitoring the fate of Cy5.5-Tat labeled T lymphocytes by quantitative near-infrared fluorescence imaging during acute brain inflammation in a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Berger C, Gremlich HU, Schmidt P, Cannet C, Kneuer R, Hiest and P, Rausch M, Rudin M.
Journal: J Immunol Methods (2007): 65
Authors: Berger C, Gremlich HU, Schmidt P, Cannet C, Kneuer R, Hiest and P, Rausch M, Rudin M.
Journal: J Immunol Methods (2007): 65
A protocol for imaging alternative splicing regulation in vivo using fluorescence reporters in transgenic mice
Authors: Bonano VI, Oltean S, Garcia-Blanco MA.
Journal: Nat Protoc (2007): 2166
Authors: Bonano VI, Oltean S, Garcia-Blanco MA.
Journal: Nat Protoc (2007): 2166
Page updated on October 28, 2024