What is the process of cell specialization called?

The process of cell specialization is called cell differentiation. It refers to the natural process in which generic cells with less specificity develop and differentiate into specialized cells that perform specific functions in the body. This occurs by differential activation of some genes and the repression of others. 

During the process of differentiation, the shape, size, metabolism and polarity of the cell as well as its responsiveness to signals undergo dramatic change, which transforms the generic cell into a specialized cell that acquires a more specific role. 

Cell differentiation is a crucial process. It enables development that results in the formation of diverse tissues and organs that are essential for survival.