What are the second messengers that GPCR signals trigger in cells?

Activation of G proteins can trigger the production of numerous second messenger molecules, such as cAMP, IP3 and DAG. Adenylyl cyclase (activated by GTP-bound alpha subunits) synthesizes cAMP from ATP, while phospholipase C (located at the center of the signaling pathway) synthesizes DAG and IP3 from phosphatidyl inositol. 

cAMP pathways are vital for diverse physiological processes, including sensory responses, nerve transmission, and hormonal signaling. DAG and IP3 molecules play roles in many bodily functions including blood clotting through receptors for thrombin in platelets. DAG also activates protein kinase C, while IP3 releases calcium from intracellular stores. Research suggests that GPCRS can continue signaling to cyclic AMP alongside their agonists, even beyond the plasma membrane; this persistent signaling triggers specific cellular responses.