What are the methods I can use to purify nucleic acids?

One method is to use phenol-chloroform extraction. This method separates nucleic acids from proteins and other contaminants using a mixture of phenol and chloroform. After extraction, nucleic acids are precipitated with ethanol or isopropanol. Another method involves silica-based spin columns. These columns use silica membranes to selectively bind nucleic acids while contaminants are washed away. After binding, nucleic acids are eluted using a low-salt buffer or water. Another technique is paramagnetic bead-based nucleic acid purification. Paramagnetic beads, which are attracted to magnets, are added to the sample containing the nucleic acids of interest. Through the use of a strong magnet, the paramagnetic bead-nucleic acid complexes are attracted and held in place, while the rest of the unwanted material in the sample is removed. The beads with bound nucleic acids are washed to remove any remaining contaminants and impurities. Finally, the purified nucleic acids are eluted from the beads using water or a low-salt buffer. Additionally, gel electrophoresis is another method. After electrophoresis, the nucleic acid band of interest is excised from the gel and purified using various methods.