What are the factors that influence cell differentiation?

Cell differentiation is influenced by many factors. Cell differentiation in the body is primarily driven by the production of proteins. Cells differentiate based on which genes are activated and which proteins those genes encode. These produced proteins enable specialized functions in differentiated cells and facilitate communication with other cells through signaling. Another mechanism affecting cell differentiation is asymmetric segregation during cell division. Specific substances (e.g. specialized proteins) gather unequally within a cell. When the cell divides, one daughter cell inherits more of these specialized proteins than the other. This uneven distribution leads to distinct types of cells forming due to the differing protein levels. 

Cell differentiation is also influenced by various environmental factors such as small molecules, injuries, temperature, oxygen, viruses and secreted proteins. These influences can either halt, alter, or disrupt these cellular processes. For instance, temperature variations affect cell development: higher temperatures accelerate cell growth and differentiation, whereas lower temperatures slow down or halt these processes. Drugs can interfere with harmful cell differentiation. For instance, certain drugs can hinder steps in tumor growth, preventing the expression of genes related to uncontrolled cell growth. Injuries can alter gene expression and determine the type of cells required for tissue repair. Additionally, viruses and bacteria can influence cell differentiation, potentially leading to developmental issues if a pregnant mother is infected, such as in the case of rubella causing birth defects in the fetus. Toxic chemicals can also disrupt cell differentiation by attacking signaling chemicals or blocking receptors on cell membranes, and thus halting signaling activities.