What are the characteristics of biology?

The major characteristics of biology include: 

Cells

Cells are specialized membrane-enclosed units that make up living entities. They perform specific functions. Some organisms are made up of billions or trillions of cells that work together to fulfill all life processes, while others are composed of a single cell that’s capable of performing all essential life-giving processes. Cell theory, developed from research and experimentation, states that all organisms are made of cells, and all cells originate from primary cells.

Regulation

Despite constantly changing external conditions, all organisms must maintain internal equilibrium, or homeostasis by regulating factors such as moisture, temperature and acidity. For example, mammals maintain a stable internal temperature of around 37°C regardless of the external temperature. 

Evolution

Organisms adapt to their changing environments to survive. Charles Darwin observed that the size and shape of bird beaks varied based on food availability and location. Evolution involves the gradual development of adaptations in populations over time, influenced by natural selection.

DNA

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) contains the genetic instructions for growth, repair, and reproduction in all living beings. It is found in chromosomes within the cells and consists of four building blocks (A, T, C, and G). These sequences guide cellular functions and the development of organisms.

Reproduction and Development

All living beings increase their population by reproducing. Different types of organisms using different reproduction methods. Unicellular organisms such as paramecium divide to create identical copies, while multicellular organisms such as mammals combine genetic material from two parents to produce offspring that inherit traits from both parents. Growth and development are encoded in the DNA of a species.

Order

Life exhibits a structured organization, as seen in the form of human beings or the arrangement of flower parts. This order is foundational to living cells and guided by genetic information. Organisms reproduce within their species, respond to environmental stimuli, and obtain energy from food to fuel metabolism and 

Energy

Energy expenditure is a basic requirement of life. Organisms in an ecosystem absorb solar energy and distribute it through the food chain. Energy producers such as plants, capture sunlight through photosynthesis, converting it into sugars, which consumers use to grow, build, and reproduce. This process forms the basis of the food chain.