How does sonication work?

Sonication involves transmitting waves of alternating high and low pressure through a liquid to disrupt and disperse its particles. The process transforms electrical energy into mechanical vibrations, which are then used to disrupt and disperse substances, effectively breaking them apart. Sonication involves using high-frequency ultrasound waves (usually above the range of human hearing) to agitate particles in a liquid. The higher the frequency, the more intense the agitation. When these waves are applied, thousands of tiny vacuum bubbles form within the solution due to pressure changes. These bubbles collapse during cavitation, generating significant energy in the form of waves. As the bubbles collapse, they release energy that disrupts molecular interactions among water molecules. This disruption facilitates the separation of particles, allowing for effective mixing to occur. The release of energy from the sound waves also creates friction within the solution. To prevent overheating of the sample, ice cubes are often used during and after the sonication process. Sonication utilizes either an ultrasonic bath or a probe to transmit sound energy into a liquid containing particles.