How do enzymes carry out catalysis together with the substrate?

Enzymes carry out catalysis together with the substrate via different mechanisms such as: 

• Covalent catalysis: This involves the formation of a temporary covalent bond between substrate and the active site of the enzyme.
• Acid-base catalysis: In this mechanism, hydrogen ions (protons) are transferred from one molecule to another.
• Catalysis by approximation: In this process, the enzyme orients multiple substrates by positioning them in close proximity to each other to increase the rate of reaction.
• Electrostatic catalysis: This involves an electrostatic (ionic, dipole-dipole, hydrophobic, or ionic-dipole) interaction with the substrate at the active site .
• Cofactor catalysis: This mechanism employs coenzymes and cofactors such as copper, iron, zinc or other metals.